Portugese in East Africa

Introduction

The Portuguese in East Africa

The modern-day countries of Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique did not exist in the 15th century. The coastal regions of East Africa were thinly populated. Many African people lived in isolated communities. Others lived in rival kingdoms.

Since the 10th century Arabian influence along the coast had been strong. For hundreds of years Arab traders had controlled trade in the Indian Ocean between East Africa, Arabia and India. Most of the port towns along the East African coast had been built by Arab Sultans, who brought the Moslem religion to the coastal people.

The Portuguese explorer and soldier, Vasco da Gama, was the first European to make contact with the people of the East African Coast. He had been paid by the King of Portugal to find a sea route to India. The Portuguese wanted to be able to buy spices directly from India where they grew. The food in Europe at that time was poor and spices, such as pepper, made it more palatable (i.e. nicer to eat). By opening up a sea route to India they would be able avoid paying the high prices charged by Arab middlemen, who brought the spices over land to Europe from the port of Aden on the Red Sea. The effort was successful and, for a time, Portugal became rich by gaining a European monopoly of the trade in pepper.

The Portuguese stayed on the coast of present-day Kenya and Tanzania for 200 years, although they remained in Mozambique until the end of the 20th century. Although few intermarried with the local population they still had a big influence on their lives. Probably the biggest long-term effect was that they introduced new crops from Europe and from Brazil, their colony in South America. These crops are now important staple foods throughout Africa. They include: maize, cassava, sweet potatoes, pawpaws, oranges, guavas, pineapples and mangoes. They contributed many new words to the Swahili language, including "leso" (handkerchief), "meza" (table), "gereza" (prison), "pesa" ('peso', money), etc. Swahili bull-fighting, still popular on the Pemba island, is also a Portuguese legacy from that period. In Mombasa they left behind Fort Jesus, which is now an important tourist attraction.

Study of the Portuguese' conquest of the East African Coast also helps us to appreciate the effects of a conflict between two alien cultures, in this case Moslem and Christian, on the lives of local people.

Job related life skills

1. Communication: ability to read, write,listen and speak using appropriate language.

2. Team work: ability to cooperate and share tasks with colleagues.

3. Personal attributes : creativity, enthusiasm, reflective thinking, self awareness

4. Information skills : ability to identify information needs,observe and collect evidence and present findings appropriately

5. Application of number: - numeracy (as they compare crop yields in treated and untreated plots)

The Portuguese at the East African coast 1500 – 1700 A.D
The Portuguese were the first Europeans to have contacts with the people of the East African Coast. They were adventurous and in search for the sea route to India. This led them to the East African Coast where they stayed for 200 years.

Portuguese conquest of the coast 1500-1510 (Stages of conquest) Steps taken by the Portuguese to occupy the East African coast.

In 1497 King John 11 sent Padro da Covillha on a land journey to India to gather information about the Eastern trades and the sea routes.
In 1498 Bathromew Diaz sailed around the Cape of Good Hope, thus proving that there was a way round South Africa to the Indian Ocean. With this information in mind Vasco da Gama set out with three ships bearing a red cross. By 1499, he went back and sailed down the coast to Portugal.

Between 1497- 1499 Vasco da Gama at the command of King Emmanuel the fortunate of Portugal visited Mozambique, Mombasa and Malindi on his way to India. 
In response to Vasco da Gama’s expeditions, the king of Portugal sent fleets of ships to conquer the important trading towns of the East African coast. 
In 1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral attempted to capture Sofala with its Gold trade but he failed.
In 1502 Vasco da Gama came back with 19 ships aiming at capturing Kilwa because it was the most important and prosperous. He captured the palace, imprisoned the Sultan and only released him when he accepted to pay tribute to Portugal. However, he stopped it when the Portuguese left.  From Kilwa he invaded Mombasa, which tried to get assistance from Malindi but since they were great rivals Malindi refused to give assistance, this disunity made the work of conquest easy. 
In 1503 Ruy gLaurence Ravasco was sent with a number of ships and forced the islands of Mafia and Zanzibar and other towns to pay tribute to Portugal.
In 1504, Lopez destroyed gold trade at Kilwa. Attacks were too much on the harbour that trade came to a standstill. But again the Arabs failed to unite to fight the Portuguese.
In 1505 Francisco D’Almeida arrived at the coast on his way to Gao where he had been appointed the first Portuguese viceroy (governor) of the Eastern empire.  With 1500 men and 20 ships, he attacked Sofala which surrendered without  struggle because she was tied of Kilwa’s rule and therefore preferred the Portuguese to fellow Arabs.  His forces continued Northwards and attacked Kilwa. The Sultan and his followers took off to the bush while the Portuguese looted and burnt down before he departed to India.
In 1506 – 1507 Tristian Da Cunha took the Northern towns of Socotra, Oja, Brava and Merka towns that submitted without struggle were only asked to pay tribute to Portugal, Malindi was even excused from paying tribute due to her friendship with the Portuguese. 
In 1509 Alba quiqui captured the remaining towns i.e the work of conquest was completed with taking the islands of Pemba, Mafia, Zanzibar. 
In 1510 for purposes of effective administration, the coast was divided into two strips i.e. the Northern strip north of Cape Delgado with headquarters at Malindi while the Southern strip had headquarters at Mozambique.

The strong hatredge the coastal people had for the Arabs might have made them easily accept Portuguese authority.
At the time of the Portuguese invasion, the coastal states were already weakened by the expansionist policy of Kilwa ,for example, Sofala supported the Portuguese rather than being under Kilwa. 
The Portuguese were able to realize their goals in the East African coast through Vasco da Gama’s expedition of 1498.

Reasons for the coming of the Portuguese at the East African coast

• The need to establish a commercial empire in order to get the products of East Africa e.g. ivory, gold, silks and spices were mainly controlled by the Arabs merchants.
• They wanted to obtain control of the main trading towns, e.g. Kilwa, Mombasa etc.
• They wanted to defeat the Moslem traders and rulers who had monopolized the Indian Ocean trade.
• They wanted to prevent other European rivals from gaining access to the Indian Ocean Trade e.g. the French, Dutch, British
• Desire to get revenue for the development of their country.
• The Portuguese wished to share in the profits of the Indian Ocean Trade by imposing taxes and forcing wealthy coastal towns to pay tribute to the king of Portugal.
• The coast had natural harbors where ships could anchor on their way to and from the East for fresh food and water.  The Portuguese therefore wanted to establish a calling station for resting, refresh, treating the sick, repairing wrecked ships e.t.c
• The coast was strategically located and this made it easy to control sea pirates and other rival powers.
• They wanted to revenge on the Moslem Arabs who had conquered Portugal in 711 AD by converting them to Christianity and stop the spread of Islam i.e. the Arabs had ever run the Iberian Peninsula and forced the Christians to accept Islam.
• They hoped to get assistance of King Prester John thought to be in the interior of north –east Africa. They hoped the king would help them in their crusade against the Moslems. 
• They had hope of stopping Egyptians and Turks from sending military aid to their fellow Moslems on the coast.
• They were interested in exploration and adventure, this was a period of Renaissance (means to be born again/change) in Europe. Hence hoped to search for the unknown, new knowledge and sailing across un mapped seas.
• Desire to acquire revenue for the development of their country.

Why the Portuguese defeated the East African Coastal towns/Why the Portuguese were successful

• They had superior weapons e.g. cannon guns which made terrible noise and threw  people in panic as compared to the poor musket guns of the coastal Arabs.
  
  
• They had well trained soldiers with superior skills of fighting compared to the coastal people who had no permanent organized army e.g Vasco da gama, Francisco D’Alemeida were ruthless army commanders which helped them to defeat the coastal dwellers.
    
• They had better and faster ships (carracks) well equipped for naval warfare. The Portuguese soldiers wore Armour on their bodies and helmets on their heads, which protected them from the weapons of the coastal people.
  
  
• The coastal towns were disunited which gave chance to the Portuguese to fight isolated enemies e.g. Malindi refused to unite with Mombasa due to local conflicts.  Some cooperated with the invaders giving them food and bases e.g. Malindi and Sofala.
  
  
• Some coastal towns like Kilwa were caught unaware. The Portuguese employed cruel methods of fighting like burning down towns and surprise attacks.
  
  
• The ships acted as stages against the hostile weapons of the coastal people.
  
  
• The coast had natural burners and was not open to attacks.
  
  
• The constant attacks on the coastal towns by the Galla, Zimba and Turkish e.t.c had weakened their defence.
  
  
• The Portuguese were financially equipped and therefore supported their soilders because they wanted to control the East African trade.
  
  
• The coastal states had very weak economies that could not sustain prolonged fights especially against the economically strong Portuguese.
  
  

Portuguese Administration at the coast; the political, economic, social way of life of the East African coast under the Portuguese rule

Political

By 1510, the conquest of the East African coast was over and administration fell into the hands of the Portuguese. For easy administration, the coast was divided into two zones;

• The area North of Cape Delgado was ruled by the Captain at Malindi.
• The area South of Cape Delgado was ruled by Captain at Mozambique.

By 1507, Mozambique had become the headquarters of the southern portion in charge of a Portuguese viceroy. Another Portuguese captain in charge of the area North of Delgado was stationed at Malindi. Both captains were answerable to the Portuguese viceroy at Goa on Indian coast at the General headquarters. Cape Delgado was made the mid point of the East Africa possession. Sofala was made the regional headquarters but still under the charge of the captain who took his orders from the vicory at Goa. Later, the Captain in the North was stationed at Mombasa after the construction of Fort Jesus in 1593 because they were rebellious.  Other forts and garrisons were established at Sofala and Kilwa. 
The Portuguese captains were responsible for the collections of tributes from coastal rulers. They imposed the customs dues on all imports and exports.  They were also responsible for the suppression of rebellions on the coast.  The Portuguese had problems with administration because they could not provide enough troops to all garrisons their strongholds.
The Portuguese captains collected import duties, export duties and tributes from the local leaders. The Portuguese were more interested in gold trade which passed in Sofala land they ignored the towns.
Unfortunately, they failed to develop this trade because of the following;
There were wars in the mining areas between the Portuguese and Coastal people.   
As a result the Portuguese were so cruel that any sign of disobedience was punished with maximum brutality to serve as a warning to others who might choose to rebel. This partly explains the unpopularity of the Portuguese on the coast.

Social

The relationship with the subjects was not good. They lived in isolation of each other by race and religion. The Portuguese established their own settlements, built their own churches and had their own priest. This could be the reason why their religion was rejected and hatred increased.

In addition, the few Portuguese officials were corrupt, plundered and ordered destruction on the coastal town. All this earned them hatred and opposition from the people and it was not a surprise that they were nicknamed "AFRITI" meaning Devil.

The Portuguese did not mix freely with Africans because they considered themselves to be a special race.

During the Portuguese reign, the glory of the coastal states was no more. The high standards of living the coastal people had enjoyed were no more. The trade that had made them rich was declining.  Many buildings were in ruins and there was widespread poverty and misery.

Reasons that led to the decline of the Portuguese at the East African Coast (Problems/challenges they faced)

• Portugal was a small country that could not provide enough administrators and officials for such a large coastline that extended from Sofala in the south to Mogadishu in the north.
• It had few soldiers and could not keep fortified garrison along the coast.
• Authority was left in hands of incompetent and corrupt officials who were after enriching themselves.
• The Africans hated the Portuguese due to differences in religion, that is to say, Moslems against Christians (Portuguese).
• The Portuguese were cruel, harsh and brutal, they always punished the coastal people whenever they attempted to rebel and made them to be hated.
• The Portuguese also used divide and rule policy for example, they allied with Malindi against Mombasa.
• The territory was too big and long for effective control and administration.
• There was decline of trade due high taxes on imports and other restrictions hence smuggling of goods, which affected the Portuguese economy.
• Due to decline in trade, the people became poor and dissatisfied and they continuously rebelled.
• The Portuguese failed to support their own allies at the coast, some even betrayed them.
• Portugal had been forced into a union with Spain between1580–1640 which weakened her control of the trading colonies as she was no longer interested in the overseas empire.
• Portugal was challenged by other European powers, which began competing with the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean Trade e.g. Dutch, English, French, Turks and others.
• The coastal people found useful allies against the Portuguese due to their bad rule e.g. Turks, Oman, and Arabs
• They were faced with constant rebellions along the coast. This greatly disrupted life at the coast e.g. Pate, Mombasa
• Tropical diseases which claimed their life like smallpox, malaria making it difficult for them to administer the coast effectively.
• The Portuguese were greatly weakened by a group of cannibals the Zimba, who attacked the East African coast.
• The unhealthy climate made the area unattractive for them to work for instance, some places where too humid and hot while others where too cold. 
• The distance between Portugal and the East African coast was too far hence reinforcement delayed.
• There was a problem of communication barrier, the Portuguese refused to learn the African languages and these made their administration difficult.
• The income obtained from the gold trade was not enough to pay for administration i.e. soldiers and officials.
• The Portuguese lost muz in 1622 to the Persians during the struggle with Arabs and  in 1650 the Oman Arabs won back Muscat.
•  The Capture of Fort Jesus their stronghold in 1698 by the Omani greatly contributed to their decline.

Results of Portuguese stay at the coast of East Africa

Positive:

• The Portuguese built Fort Jesus at the coast in Mombasa in1592/3 which became a fortress and later a tourist attraction for centuries.
• They enriched the Swahili language with an addition of 60 words e.g. emeza meaning table and pesa meaning money.
• They introduced new crops from South Africa of which many have become staple diet for many East Africans e.g. cassava, pawpaws, maize, oranges, sweet potatoes, guavas, pineapples and mangoes
• They made an improvement in ship building. During their stay on the coast, many architects came in from India and Europe.
• There was establishment of closer trading links between the coast and India.
• They introduced new farming methods for example they encouraged the use of cow dung as manure.
• They led to the coming of more European and Asian traders and craftsmen especially those who helped in the building of Fort Jesus.
• They broke the Muslim- Arab monopoly of the Indian Ocean Trade.

Negative:

• Trade declined due to the constant wars and rebellions and heavy taxes imposed.
  
  
• There was decline of the coastal towns because many were burnt down and left in ruins for example Kilwa and Mombasa.
  
  
• There was widespread poverty and misery among the coastal people due to decline in trade.
  
  
• There was heavy loss of lives during the attacks.
  
  
• There was destruction of property like buildings and crops, which led to famine and starvation.
  
  
• The coastal people suffered oppression and brutality under harsh rule of the Portuguese.
  
  
• Their religion, Christianity, made no impact at the coast because they lived far from their subjects and stagnation of the Islamic faith because discouraged preaching.
  
  
• There was depopulation due to the many wars in the areas smuggling developed because the Portuguese had failed to establish proper trading links with the Interior.
  
  
• Some towns were prevented from trading with their initial partners which led to their decay e.g. Gedi
  
• They led to the European interest at the coast hence leading to the colonization in the 19th Century.

 

Student Sheet

The Portuguese in East Africa

(Routes to India)

Activity 1

True or False Quiz

Choose the correct answer:

1. The first Portuguese expedition to the East African coast was in 1497.

True
False

2. Batholmew Diaz was the 2nd European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope.

True
False

3. Pedro. A. Cabral attempted to capture Sofala in 1500.

True
False

4. In 1502, Vasco da Gama captured Kilwa on his second trip to India.

True
False

5. Malindi joined hands with Mombasa to fight the Portuguese.

True
False

6. Franscisco D'Almeida captured Sofara in 1505 on his way to Gao.

True
False

7. Scotra, Oja Brava and Meska were captured in 1506 - 1507 by Tristian Da Cunha.

True
False

8. Malindi was excused from paying tribute to Portugal.

True
False

9. The Portuguese conquest of E.African coast was completed by 1510.

True
False

10. The occupation of the E. African coast was largely by use of arms.

True
False

Activity 2: Find out about Portugal and the Portuguese

Search in textbooks (geography or history textbooks) and the internet

- Find the location of Portugal on a world map.

- What facts can you find about Portugal/the Portuguese?

- Why do you think their location on the world map could have attracted them to the East African Coast?

- What other interesting information can you find about the Portuguese?

For more information about portuguese, visit the following links;

Portugal today
Portugal history
Portuguese in E.Africa

Extension Activities

Understanding Invasions

Activity 1: Invasion of your village by pastoralists

Your village has been invaded by dozens of pastoralists from another district, who have travelled distances in search of pasture for their starving herds of cattle. Leaders of your village are concerned that this is an unacceptable invasion, and are looking for ways of getting rid of the invading pastoralists. Your father is one of the village leaders. He brings up the conversation about the invading pastoralists while you're having breakfast. He is convinced that something has to be done about the invaders, but he cannot think of a quick answer. After a pause, he remembers that you're a history student, and that you may have studied about invasions in other communities. He turns to you and seeks for your advice. What suggestions would you give him?

Activity 2: Investigation involving reading archive newspapers

In the year 1998, a war erupted in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) when the Ugandan and Rwandese armies invaded the country. By then you were too young to comprehend what was going on. Ten years later, you have grown up and you're keen to study about historical events. There is a new girl who has joined your class from another school. As your teacher introduces her to the class, you come to learn that she is from Congo. This re-awakens your memory about what you heard ten years ago - Uganda and Rwanda's invasion of Congo. You're very shy to approach the Congolese girl to tell you about what happened. You also know that she perhaps was very young at the time as you were, to remember anything! You know that your school library keeps newspapers dating back to 20 years ago. You're sure to find some news about Uganda and Rwanda's invasion of Congo. As you browse through the old newspapers, try to find out the following:

- Why did the Ugandan and Rwandese armies invade the DRC?

- How did the Congolese react to the invasion?

- What were the positive consequences of the Ugandan and Rwandese invasion?

- What were the negative consequences of the invasion?

- Try to establish if Ugandans and Rwandese settled permanently in the DRC.

- How did the invasion finally end?

Activity 3: Investigation involving the use of ICT - Internet Search (for schools with internet access)

Find out the reasons given for America's invasion of either Iraq or Afghanistan….

Purpose of the above Activities

- You will learn that different places are invaded for different reasons.

- Those invading do so for different reasons.

- There are usually positive consequences to the invaders and to the invaded.

- There are also negative consequences to the invaders and to the invaded.

LEARNERS' ACTIVITIES

Activity one

Group Discussion

• Organise group discussion for the class on the impact of Portuguese on the people of E. Africa.
  
• Divide the class into groups of 5-8 learners
  
• Guide them to generate information on the positive and negative contributions of the Portuguese.
  
• Task them to find out the economic activities that could be identified from the impact of the Portuguese in E. Africa.
  

• Assign them the responsibility of using the acquired knowledge from the topic to generate income.
  

Activity two

Ask learners to imagine a situation where they have been attacked by thugs or robbers at school or at home:

•   How would they feel about the whole situation?
  
• How would they respond to the situation?
  
• Task them to mention the reasons for their response?
  
• If the robbers taught them how to make something that would earn them a living in future like iron smelting, how would they feel about it?